【作者】 于晓琪；

【导师】 安国楼；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 专门史， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 茶马互市主要是指,中国历代王朝与西部、北部边区民族之间进行的以茶易马的经济贸易活动。相比于前朝,北宋茶马互市具有更鲜明的政治、军事意义。在北宋,官营茶马互市的经营管理颇具规模,并表现出系统化和制度化的倾向,政府通过申严茶禁立法、实行巡茶制度以垄断茶马互市。一方面,私营问题与茶马互市相伴而生,以北宋官府有限的控制力难以做到完全禁止走私活动,彻底垄断茶马互市;另一方面,对走私参与者而言“茶禁愈严则茶利越厚,利之所在趋者澜倒”,与边区民族私下进行直接交易,成本低廉且回报颇丰,因此北宋茶马互市始终伴随着复杂且类型各异的走私活动。茶马走私是北宋官府明令禁止的违法行为,但在榷场贸易时断时续且规模有限的背景下,茶马走私有效满足了边区民族对茶品的巨大需求。在高额利润的驱使之下,上到高级官员、边防将领为代表的官僚勋贵,下到以边区百姓为主的商贩边民,都纷纷投身到走私贸易中。当时的茶马走私主要通过边路直接走私和经偏路辗转走私,尤其是榷场周边的偏僻小路,成为走私活动的多发区域。其中,私茶主要产自四川地区,马匹大多来自河湟谷地的吐蕃部族,随着走私贸易的发展,形成了具有一定灵活性的茶马比价。茶马走私干扰朝廷对战马的获取,加剧官员腐败,制约着官营茶马互市的发展,因此北宋政府打击起来始终不遗余力,但随着社会经济的发展和朝廷控制力的下降,利归茶商的局面依旧难以避免。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Tea-Horse Trade mainly refers to the economic and trade activities between the Chinese dynasties and the western and northern border ethnic groups.Compared with the former dynasty,the Tea-Horse Trade of the Northern Song Dynasty has a more distinct political and military significance.In the Northern Song Dynasty,the operation and management of the official camp tea and horse market were quite large,and it showed a tendency to be systematic and institutionalized.The government set various laws and policies to monopolize the tea-horse market.However,on the one hand,the strictness and maturity of the tea law system in the Northern Song Dynasty could not ban smuggling activities,and completely monopolize the ability of tea-horse exchanges;on the other hand,for smuggling participants,“the stricter,the thicker”.The direct transaction with the nomads in private,low cost and high returns,so the Northern Song Dynasty tea and horse market had always been accompanied by complex and different types of smuggling activities,which had a huge impact on the official camp tea and horse markets.The smuggling of tea horses is an illegal act prohibited by the officials in the Northern Song Dynasty.However,in the context of the intermittent and limited scale of trade in the market,tea horse smuggling effectively meets the huge demand of border groups for tea.Driven by high profits,the Bureaucratic and honors,who are represented by senior officials and frontier generals,and the merchants who are mainly based on the people in the border areas had all joined the smuggling trade.At that time,the smuggling of tea horses was mainly through direct smuggling on the sidewalk and smuggling through the wrong way,especially the remote roads around the market,which became a prone area for smuggling activities.Among them,private tea is mainly produced in Sichuan,and most of the horses come from the Tubo tribe in the Hehuang Valley.With the development of smuggling trade,the price of tea and horse with certain flexibility has been formed.The smuggling of tea horses interfered with the court’s acquisition of war horses,which aggravated the corruption of officials and restricted the development of the official tea-and-horse trade.Therefore,the Northern Song Dynasty government had always been sparing no effort,but with the development of the social economy and the decline of the court’s control,it was difficult to avoid that the profit of tea flows into the pockets of tea merchants.更多还原